Difference between revisions of "Deep Sea Systems"

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<b style="font-size: large;">Deep Sea Systems</b><br/>
 
<b style="font-size: large;">Deep Sea Systems</b><br/>
<b style="font-size: large;">Life Support</b><br/>
+
<b>Life Support</b><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    The design of underwater  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-support_system&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355320&amp;usg=AOvVaw3BKcKz5cVsft0_jS-8GDNY life support systems]</span><span class="c24">    such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355613&amp;usg=AOvVaw0ikWL1de9593_gQkN40MO- underwater hyperbaric dive chambers]</span><span class="c24">    presents a unique set of challenges requiring a detailed knowledge of pressure vessels, dive physiology, and thermodynamics. Among the more recent developments in underwater life-support systems is an ocean space habitat designed by Winslow Burleson and Michael Lombardi.  </span><span class="c68">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_engineering%23cite_note-26&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355934&amp;usg=AOvVaw0CzeJ2z63QWXjO4Q3DAt2I [26]]</span><span class="c24">    The prototype resembles an underwater tent and is said to satisfy full life-support functions for divers.  </span><span class="c68">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_engineering%23cite_note-27&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356196&amp;usg=AOvVaw1QZDU9apDkIgdml5k6r5ND [27]]</span><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    The design of underwater  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-support_system&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355320&amp;usg=AOvVaw3BKcKz5cVsft0_jS-8GDNY life support systems]</span><span class="c24">    such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355613&amp;usg=AOvVaw0ikWL1de9593_gQkN40MO- underwater hyperbaric dive chambers]</span><span class="c24">    presents a unique set of challenges requiring a detailed knowledge of pressure vessels, dive physiology, and thermodynamics. Among the more recent developments in underwater life-support systems is an ocean space habitat designed by Winslow Burleson and Michael Lombardi.  </span><span class="c68">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_engineering%23cite_note-26&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298355934&amp;usg=AOvVaw0CzeJ2z63QWXjO4Q3DAt2I [26]]</span><span class="c24">    The prototype resembles an underwater tent and is said to satisfy full life-support functions for divers.  </span><span class="c68">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_engineering%23cite_note-27&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356196&amp;usg=AOvVaw1QZDU9apDkIgdml5k6r5ND [27]]</span><br/>
<b style="font-size: large;">Unmanned Underwater Vehicles</b><br/>
+
<b>Unmanned Underwater Vehicles</b><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    Marine engineers may design or make frequent use of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356620&amp;usg=AOvVaw3X3dbF6cLLM8_E1NVwkEjp unmanned underwater vehicles]</span><span class="c24">    , which operate underwater without a human aboard. UUVs often perform work in locations which would be otherwise impossible or difficult to access by humans due to a number of environmental factors (e.g. depth, remoteness, and/or temperature). UUVs can be remotely operated by humans,  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy%23Semi-autonomy&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356950&amp;usg=AOvVaw2vizSfti5nFpfXxhwngZnr semi-autonomous]</span><span class="c24">    , or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357231&amp;usg=AOvVaw2kmgBdVYQT-xaLc1lBbGkh autonomous]</span><span class="c24 c50">    .  </span><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    Marine engineers may design or make frequent use of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356620&amp;usg=AOvVaw3X3dbF6cLLM8_E1NVwkEjp unmanned underwater vehicles]</span><span class="c24">    , which operate underwater without a human aboard. UUVs often perform work in locations which would be otherwise impossible or difficult to access by humans due to a number of environmental factors (e.g. depth, remoteness, and/or temperature). UUVs can be remotely operated by humans,  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy%23Semi-autonomy&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298356950&amp;usg=AOvVaw2vizSfti5nFpfXxhwngZnr semi-autonomous]</span><span class="c24">    , or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357231&amp;usg=AOvVaw2kmgBdVYQT-xaLc1lBbGkh autonomous]</span><span class="c24 c50">    .  </span><br/>
<b style="font-size: large;">Sensors and instrumentation</b><br/>
+
<b>Sensors and instrumentation</b><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    The development of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357627&amp;usg=AOvVaw1n5ORFgXrMHOXQrUL8O0v1 oceanographic sciences]</span><span class="c24">    , subsea engineering and the ability to detect, track and destroy submarines (  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357872&amp;usg=AOvVaw2lEm_fJ9EoYnOlh8YPBcD- anti-submarine warfare]</span><span class="c24">    ) required the parallel development of a host of marine scientific instrumentation and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358106&amp;usg=AOvVaw27tjkMAF13AJBN8fWJsbt_ sensors]</span><span class="c24">    . Visible light is not transferred far underwater, so the medium for transmission of data is primarily  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358348&amp;usg=AOvVaw2hr0fGPxHW0XvNpRtU2vhf acoustic]</span><span class="c24">    . High-frequency sound is used to measure the depth of the ocean, determine the nature of the seafloor, and detect submerged objects. The higher the frequency, the higher the definition of the data that is returned. Sound Navigation and Ranging or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358568&amp;usg=AOvVaw25Ndcmd-3-zPBeRw4YEJfC SONAR]</span><span class="c24">    was developed during the  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358870&amp;usg=AOvVaw11q8NbI8bpuU1muIm_2Slh First World War]</span><span class="c24">    to detect  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359099&amp;usg=AOvVaw1C84aZKO3M1XxsWmcv6p4C submarines]</span><span class="c24">    , and has been greatly refined through to the present day. Submarines similarly use sonar equipment to detect and target other submarines and surface ships, and to detect submerged obstacles such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359419&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Z6Zft0Ny7_C1MUR2l1VUW seamounts]</span><span class="c24">    that pose a navigational obstacle. Simple  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounder&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359774&amp;usg=AOvVaw0czETmc2hj7TvGIFXdCY6A echo-sounders]</span><span class="c24">    point straight down and can give an accurate reading of ocean depth (or look up at the underside of sea-ice). More advanced echo sounders use a fan-shaped beam or sound, or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298360289&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Qx0I_if0pXG4BT8bdVCL2 multiple beams]</span><span class="c24">    to derive highly detailed images of the ocean floor. High power systems can penetrate the soil and seabed rocks to give information about the geology of the seafloor, and are widely used in  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298360686&amp;usg=AOvVaw1yxPyIs0K0XwEw4C5AjDJM geophysics]</span><span class="c24">    for the discovery of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361151&amp;usg=AOvVaw2Vfh9yqzP6PcmW46RVy28u hydrocarbons]</span><span class="c24">    , or for engineering survey. For close-range underwater communications, optical transmission is possible, mainly using  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laser&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361455&amp;usg=AOvVaw0kQpib69ILlRf8HAEi-EQR blue lasers]</span><span class="c24">    . These have a high bandwidth compared with acoustic systems, but the range is usually only a few tens of metres, and ideally at night. As well as acoustic communications and navigation, sensors have been developed to measure ocean parameters such as temperature,  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361821&amp;usg=AOvVaw3UUrBzzdhSc-0FYdfBL6Bg salinity]</span><span class="c24">    , oxygen levels and other properties including nitrate levels, levels of trace chemicals and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_DNA&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362136&amp;usg=AOvVaw2Zz4C9einlGf-qC97OXiAL environmental DNA]</span><span class="c24">    . The industry trend has been towards smaller, more accurate and more affordable systems so that they can be purchased and used by university departments and small companies as well as large corporations, research organisations and governments. The sensors and instruments are fitted to autonomous and remotely-operated systems as well as ships, and are enabling these systems to take on tasks that hitherto required an expensive human-crewed platform. Manufacture of marine sensors and instruments mainly takes place in Asia, Europe and North America. Products are advertised in specialist journals, and through  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Shows&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362448&amp;usg=AOvVaw3W1aauJ7_wwVvF54_q8kA4 Trade Shows]</span><span class="c24">    such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oceanologyinternational.com/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362755&amp;usg=AOvVaw3napmSZftNb94Awc7zTOjn Oceanology International]</span><span class="c24">    and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oceanbusiness.com/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298363046&amp;usg=AOvVaw2krjNYTjzX9FAomLgQktEW Ocean Business]</span><span class="c24 c50">    which help raise awareness of the products.  </span><br/>
 
<span class="c24">    The development of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357627&amp;usg=AOvVaw1n5ORFgXrMHOXQrUL8O0v1 oceanographic sciences]</span><span class="c24">    , subsea engineering and the ability to detect, track and destroy submarines (  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298357872&amp;usg=AOvVaw2lEm_fJ9EoYnOlh8YPBcD- anti-submarine warfare]</span><span class="c24">    ) required the parallel development of a host of marine scientific instrumentation and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358106&amp;usg=AOvVaw27tjkMAF13AJBN8fWJsbt_ sensors]</span><span class="c24">    . Visible light is not transferred far underwater, so the medium for transmission of data is primarily  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358348&amp;usg=AOvVaw2hr0fGPxHW0XvNpRtU2vhf acoustic]</span><span class="c24">    . High-frequency sound is used to measure the depth of the ocean, determine the nature of the seafloor, and detect submerged objects. The higher the frequency, the higher the definition of the data that is returned. Sound Navigation and Ranging or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358568&amp;usg=AOvVaw25Ndcmd-3-zPBeRw4YEJfC SONAR]</span><span class="c24">    was developed during the  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298358870&amp;usg=AOvVaw11q8NbI8bpuU1muIm_2Slh First World War]</span><span class="c24">    to detect  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359099&amp;usg=AOvVaw1C84aZKO3M1XxsWmcv6p4C submarines]</span><span class="c24">    , and has been greatly refined through to the present day. Submarines similarly use sonar equipment to detect and target other submarines and surface ships, and to detect submerged obstacles such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359419&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Z6Zft0Ny7_C1MUR2l1VUW seamounts]</span><span class="c24">    that pose a navigational obstacle. Simple  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounder&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298359774&amp;usg=AOvVaw0czETmc2hj7TvGIFXdCY6A echo-sounders]</span><span class="c24">    point straight down and can give an accurate reading of ocean depth (or look up at the underside of sea-ice). More advanced echo sounders use a fan-shaped beam or sound, or  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibeam_echosounder&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298360289&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Qx0I_if0pXG4BT8bdVCL2 multiple beams]</span><span class="c24">    to derive highly detailed images of the ocean floor. High power systems can penetrate the soil and seabed rocks to give information about the geology of the seafloor, and are widely used in  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298360686&amp;usg=AOvVaw1yxPyIs0K0XwEw4C5AjDJM geophysics]</span><span class="c24">    for the discovery of  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361151&amp;usg=AOvVaw2Vfh9yqzP6PcmW46RVy28u hydrocarbons]</span><span class="c24">    , or for engineering survey. For close-range underwater communications, optical transmission is possible, mainly using  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laser&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361455&amp;usg=AOvVaw0kQpib69ILlRf8HAEi-EQR blue lasers]</span><span class="c24">    . These have a high bandwidth compared with acoustic systems, but the range is usually only a few tens of metres, and ideally at night. As well as acoustic communications and navigation, sensors have been developed to measure ocean parameters such as temperature,  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298361821&amp;usg=AOvVaw3UUrBzzdhSc-0FYdfBL6Bg salinity]</span><span class="c24">    , oxygen levels and other properties including nitrate levels, levels of trace chemicals and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_DNA&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362136&amp;usg=AOvVaw2Zz4C9einlGf-qC97OXiAL environmental DNA]</span><span class="c24">    . The industry trend has been towards smaller, more accurate and more affordable systems so that they can be purchased and used by university departments and small companies as well as large corporations, research organisations and governments. The sensors and instruments are fitted to autonomous and remotely-operated systems as well as ships, and are enabling these systems to take on tasks that hitherto required an expensive human-crewed platform. Manufacture of marine sensors and instruments mainly takes place in Asia, Europe and North America. Products are advertised in specialist journals, and through  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Shows&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362448&amp;usg=AOvVaw3W1aauJ7_wwVvF54_q8kA4 Trade Shows]</span><span class="c24">    such as  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oceanologyinternational.com/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298362755&amp;usg=AOvVaw3napmSZftNb94Awc7zTOjn Oceanology International]</span><span class="c24">    and  </span><span class="c13">[https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oceanbusiness.com/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1700238298363046&amp;usg=AOvVaw2krjNYTjzX9FAomLgQktEW Ocean Business]</span><span class="c24 c50">    which help raise awareness of the products.  </span><br/>
 
<span class="c10 c50"></span><br/>
 
<span class="c10 c50"></span><br/>

Revision as of 21:10, 18 November 2023

Deep Sea Systems
Life Support
The design of underwater life support systems such as underwater hyperbaric dive chambers presents a unique set of challenges requiring a detailed knowledge of pressure vessels, dive physiology, and thermodynamics. Among the more recent developments in underwater life-support systems is an ocean space habitat designed by Winslow Burleson and Michael Lombardi. [26] The prototype resembles an underwater tent and is said to satisfy full life-support functions for divers. [27]
Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Marine engineers may design or make frequent use of unmanned underwater vehicles , which operate underwater without a human aboard. UUVs often perform work in locations which would be otherwise impossible or difficult to access by humans due to a number of environmental factors (e.g. depth, remoteness, and/or temperature). UUVs can be remotely operated by humans, semi-autonomous , or autonomous .
Sensors and instrumentation
The development of oceanographic sciences , subsea engineering and the ability to detect, track and destroy submarines ( anti-submarine warfare ) required the parallel development of a host of marine scientific instrumentation and sensors . Visible light is not transferred far underwater, so the medium for transmission of data is primarily acoustic . High-frequency sound is used to measure the depth of the ocean, determine the nature of the seafloor, and detect submerged objects. The higher the frequency, the higher the definition of the data that is returned. Sound Navigation and Ranging or SONAR was developed during the First World War to detect submarines , and has been greatly refined through to the present day. Submarines similarly use sonar equipment to detect and target other submarines and surface ships, and to detect submerged obstacles such as seamounts that pose a navigational obstacle. Simple echo-sounders point straight down and can give an accurate reading of ocean depth (or look up at the underside of sea-ice). More advanced echo sounders use a fan-shaped beam or sound, or multiple beams to derive highly detailed images of the ocean floor. High power systems can penetrate the soil and seabed rocks to give information about the geology of the seafloor, and are widely used in geophysics for the discovery of hydrocarbons , or for engineering survey. For close-range underwater communications, optical transmission is possible, mainly using blue lasers . These have a high bandwidth compared with acoustic systems, but the range is usually only a few tens of metres, and ideally at night. As well as acoustic communications and navigation, sensors have been developed to measure ocean parameters such as temperature, salinity , oxygen levels and other properties including nitrate levels, levels of trace chemicals and environmental DNA . The industry trend has been towards smaller, more accurate and more affordable systems so that they can be purchased and used by university departments and small companies as well as large corporations, research organisations and governments. The sensors and instruments are fitted to autonomous and remotely-operated systems as well as ships, and are enabling these systems to take on tasks that hitherto required an expensive human-crewed platform. Manufacture of marine sensors and instruments mainly takes place in Asia, Europe and North America. Products are advertised in specialist journals, and through Trade Shows such as Oceanology International and Ocean Business which help raise awareness of the products.



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