User:Vincecate/Models

The idea is that by making a number of models at 1:25 scale I can compare them in natural waves at locations around Anguilla.

I am going to assume migration makes 25 foot waves the largest we have to deal with because with a 1:25 scale model that makes for a nice round number, a 1 foot wave. This also means that full scale versions need to be able to move at between 0.5 and 1 MPH, so I will try to measure the force needed for the corresponding speeds in the models.

With a 25 foot maximum wave measured trough to crest, we sort of only need 12.5 feet above average water level. But with rogue waves and safety margins, lets design for 25 feet above average water level. Seems like a spar with 25 feet above water could have a total length of 250 feet. Scaled down for 1:25 model we could use 10 feet of PVC pipe. If I use 2 inch diameter pipe in the models that is like 50 inches diameter in the full scale version.

Cost estimation sort of indicates that the same weight steel ships are about the same cost. So if PVC in the models is replaced by steel in the full scale versions, equal weights will be roughly equal costs. However, the ratio of model thickness to prototype thickness is not going to be the same for all the different models. Also, these models are not all the same weight. So I don't claim that these models are really a fair comparison but close enough that we may learn something.

Models and Results

• Tension Circle House - 8 sides of 2-foot each
• multi-spar model (funded by Joep)
• Pipe Spar - Spar Buoy model 10 feet of 2 inch pipe (7.5 lbs) Put a T on top and cut it in half so have a flat thing I can put a test platform on with rubber bands.
• Short-Fat Pipe Spar - 3.5 feet of 4 inch pipe - 10 lbs total - ok except for heave and leaning in the wind
• Catamaran - Catamaran made from PVC pipe
• Ball House - 14 inch buoy/ball with hanging ballast - so modeling about a 30 foot ball - akso kind of the givens life raft design and a lot like the Geodesic Vessel approach. Model weight not counting ballast 7.5 lbs - 20 lbs steel ballast
• Short Cylinder - using a 5 gallon paint bucket for model - 4 lbs - 20 lbs steel ballast
• Hanging Ballast - used for Short Cylinder and Ball model - 4 strings to single ballast in middle
• WaterWalker - Tripod with balls for floats on legs

Models not yet planned

• semisubmersible - can have square or triangle of pipes underwater and legs sticking up or frame on top legs down
• raft made by lashing pipes together - 5 pieces with 2 cross pieces underwater (120-(2*12)/5= ~19 inches for 5 pieces
• 4-unit seastead - square of pipes with column coming up in each corner for 1 family unit

Cameras and shooting methods used

Shot video from a kayak, a pier, the model, and while floating in a lifejacket near the model. The last method is my favorite. I had a PVC version of a "poor man's steadycam" to help keep the camera steady and out of the water while my arms were underwater. It is nice to have some land or pier in the background so you can have some idea how much the camera is moving when you watch the video. I used a Vivitar 6200W waterproof camera and am happy with it. It was about $120 and has 6 megapixels and shoots video at 320 by 240 which is perfect for youtube. I put in a 2 GB flash card and this was plenty for holding the videos. Had trouble accessing the videos over the USB cable and so have been taking out the flash card and putting it in a flash reader on my computer.

Some videos had a cup of water on the model to help see how stable it was. How much water the water moved and also how much was still in the cup at the end both give some idea of how stable it is. I tried to use different colors for different days. Washable paint from my child's craft supplies worked well.

When the camera is on the model and the cup is in front you can really see the motion of the water.

It is nice to see waves coming toward the model so I try to have the coming waves in the background.

A camera in a tripod at the end of a pier works well. Just put the model in the water upwind a bit and let it float toward the pier. This way the camera is stable and dry. So you can use any camera you want. I used a Canon Powershot A640 which I like.

The video we shot from a kayak had more camera motion.

Cameras for high quality slow-mo

If you shoot at regular speed and then slow down the video it has pauses or is jerky. If you could shoot at 5 times the normal frame rate then when you slowed down by 5 it would be the normal frame rate. Then slowed down video would not look like it was slowed down. It would look natural and more like a full scale prototype would look. In Oct 2008 Casio came out with the Casio EX-FH20 which has fast frame rate for about $600. You can see some FH20 samples on youtube, be sure to use watch-in-high-quality. There is also a review of the FH20. As of Oc 2008 the FH20 seemed much better than anything else in the $600 and under price range for fast frame rate movies. Below is a model shot with this camera. In 2009 Casio came out with the EX-FC100 camera which is a pocket camera that seems to have the same slow motion ability, just 5x zoom instead of 20x zoom, and $262.

<youtube v="dSojBqz_Mq8" />

Force for Scale model speed testing

The force on a scale model should scale with the mass, which is with the cube of the scaling factor. So for a 1/25th scale model, the force should be 1/15625. So we have:

  8 ton kite -->  1 lb
  16 ton kite --> 2 lbs
  32 ton kite --> 4 lbs

With a known weight being pulled down by gravity you can provide the same force to the model by connecting a rope between the model and the weight over a pulley. Just have to keep pulling the pulley forward at the right speed so that the weight stays between the pulley and the ground or water. With my Hobie pedal powered kayak I think this will be easy enough.

However, a similar weight and pulley walking alongside a pool is probably easier. So I may just do that. But the deepest pool I have access to is just over 6 feet deep.

With speed results from this we can see how fast such a kite could pull a full sized seastead. This will tell us if the migration idea is plausible.

Ballast weights

For the weight on our force meter I could use a water jug where I can adjust the amount of water to see what works.

For ballast

• weights from weight set
• sand in plastic bags or jugs (did not like bags)
• washers, cement, lead
• steel rebar - my 1/2 inch rebar was 1 lb per foot. So I could make exactly the size weights I needed.

Modeling in general

• Scale models

Sponsors

We had one model sponsored:

• multi-spar - Joep (already paid)

Making video for youtube

I used Windows Movie Maker to process the video. Here are the steps I took to make a compressed and slowed video for youtube of less than 10 minutes (their limit):

• import video (maybe by clicking "make movie" in photo album) and then drag it from top to work area
• Click on "effects", then drag/drop the effect "Slow Down, Half" on the work video twice for slowdown by 4 (would really like 5 for 1:25 scale models but don't see any way to do that)
• scroll right to find a spot just before 10 minutes on work video, mark it, then click "split" and then delete rest (could delete other parts as long as final video is less than 10 minutes)
• click on "+" next to "video" to left of work video, this separates the audio track, then right click on audio track and select "mute". Slowed down audio is not useful and uses up bandwidth.
• click "publish movie" at the top, then "this computer", then "next", then either use name or change and hit "next" again, then select "compress video". If it is larger than 320 by 240 I reduce the allowed "MB" till it says 320 by 240. Then I click "publish".
• go to youtube.com and upload video

Measuring wind speed

To investigate spar leaning I was thinking of ways to measure the wind speed. I have an idea I like but have not yet tried. The idea is to have a measured 10 feet along the beach in the direction of the wind and release a balloon just beyond the upwind end of this while shooting video. When this video is slowed down by 4 and watched on a player with a pause button it should be easy enough to measure how long the balloon takes to cover the 10 feet. Then 1.467 feet per second is 1 MPH.

Can setup the camera on a tripod and start filming, then walk over to release the balloon. Can then edit out the walk over.

Could also do without the tripod if had a board on a string holding down the balloon. Could then pull the string to release the balloon while holding the camera aimed in the right direction.

General Impressions

This section is for subjective impressions of the experimenter.

First, the spar models are very sensitive to having the right amount of ballast. If it is too much waves can go over the top and if it is too little they have so much out of the water that they lean over. I think this means you either can not change the payload carried much or you need some type of adjustable water ballast system. Also, spar models lean in simulated hurricane winds without any model house on top. I think there will be a leaning problem with a model house and simulating more typical wind speeds (hard for me to get down to those wind speeds with the trade winds in Anguilla).

Long spars are not going to be able to get close to some harbors. My 10 foot spar model could not get into the harbor closest to my house. A full scale one would have trouble getting within 20 miles of this harbor. If you have to go that kind of distance in a small boat to get to shore, people are not going to go ashore much.

The Ball House with a long hanging ballast rides big waves amazingly well. It does not have the heave problem that cylinders and spars do and the waves can not tip it either. It does not need a truss. You could raise and lower a hanging ballast if you wanted to come close to land, or have a fixed long ballast if you were always staying in deep water. I suspect this is the simplest and cheapest design that is stable and safe for a family in the open ocean.

The Tension Circle leaning and sideways movement compensate each other so that the two together is not as bad as either would be alone. So while the structure has some movement the water in the test cup has very little relative to the cup. If I were to start building a half-scale seastead today, it would be this type or maybe the Ball House. A nice thing about the Tension Circle is I could anchor it a few miles offshore where the water is still shallow here, and try to rent it out by the week.

Discussion in forum

There is a thread on this model testing in the forum.